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名词性从句:在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句 (Noun Clauses)。
名词性从句在复合句中能担任:主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等。
名词性从句分为:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
一、引导名词性从句的连接词
引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
1、从属连词(5个):
(1)that无词义,在从句中不做成分,在宾语从句或表语从句中that有时可以省略
(2)whether,if 有词义,在从句中不做成分(whether,if均表示“是否”之意,表明从句内容的不确定性)不可以省略
(3)as if, as though (均表示“好像”,“似乎”之意)在从句中不做成分
2、连接代词(9个):what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever,有词义,在从句中做成分,不可以省略(who what which 在从句中做主语、宾语、其中what 指代没有范围的事物,which指代有范围的事物,表“选择哪一个”whom做宾语whose 做定语)
3、连接副词(7个):when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however有词义,在从句中做状语,不可以省略
4、that省略的情况:
(1)定语从句中做宾语
(2)that引导宾语从句时
(3)that引导表语从句时
(4)主语从句中it做形式主语,that从句置于句末时
5、that不可省略的情况:
(1)定语从句中做主语
(2)由that引导主语从句放句首时
(3)that引导同位语从句时
(4)宾语从句中i it做形式宾语,真正的that宾语从句中that不可以省略
ii 一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时,引导第二个和以后几个句子中的that不可以省略
iii 与动词相隔的宾语从句,不可以省略
iv that引导的宾语从句放在句首时,不可以省略
二. 主语从句
1、主语从句:作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。
主语从句通常由下列词引导:
1)从属连词that,whether 等;
2)连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever,whom 等;
3) 连接副词how,when,where,why 等。
2、that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。注:whom、who指人,what指物,whatever,whoever表示泛指意义。例如:
What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。
Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。
It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。
Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。
注意:有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下:
(1)It + be + 名词 + that从句:It is a fact that 事实是
It is an honour that 非常荣幸
It is common knowledge that …是常识
It is a pity that 遗憾……
(2)It + be + 动词的过去分词+ that从句:
It is said that 据说
It is reported that 据报道
It has been proved that 已经证明
It is believed that … 人们认为
It is supposed that… 据猜测
(3)It + 不及物动词(vi) + that 从句:
It seems that 似乎
It happened that 碰巧
It appears that 似乎
(4)It + be + 形容词 + that从句
It is natural that… 很自然…
It is strange that… 奇怪的是…
注意:在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有:
It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that …
It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that…
3、It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较
①It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。②it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that引导,被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如:
a) It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. 你不去看那场电影真可惜。
b) It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. 我对你成功与否不感兴趣。
c) It is in the morning that the murder took place. 谋杀案是在早上发生的。(强调句型)
d) It is John that broke the window. 是John打碎的窗户。(强调句型)
4、注意:since, if 不能引导主语从句,但当it做形式主语,主语从句放在句末时,if, whether均可
5、主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况:
(1)if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。
(2)It is said /reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:It is said that President Jiang will visit our school next week.
错误表达:That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said.
(3)It happens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:It occurred to him that he failed in the examination.
错误表达:That he failed in the examination occurred to him.
(4)It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not.
错误表达:Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter.
(5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如:
正确表达:Is it likely that it will rain in the evening?
错误表达:Is that will rain in the evening likely?
6、what 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别
what 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that 则不然。例如:
a) What you said yesterday is right.
b) That she is still alive is a consolation
三、表语从句
表语从句:在复合句中,位于系动词之后作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。
可以接表语从句的系动词有be ,look , remain(保持), seem等
常用的还有the reason is that … It is because … It appears/seems that…
It happens that… It turns out that…(结果是...)等结构
由从属连词,连接代词,连接副词引导,其中that常常可以省略
由as if, as though 引导 It looks as if… It seems as if…
why, because 都可以引导表语从句,但why强调结果,because强调理由
当主语为suggestion, order, requirement, advice, request, demand 等这类名词时,表语从句用虚拟语气(should)do
if不能引导表语从句
注意:当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如:
The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .
【注意】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。
四、同位语从句
1、同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,that不可以省略
由whether引导,不可用if
2、可用于同位语从句的名词有belief、advice、demand、doubt(怀疑)、possibility、though、proposal、case、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如:
The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。
I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。
The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。
3、在no idea后用wh-疑问词引导
4、 同位语从句与定语从句的区别
(1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语),而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。
(2) 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如:
1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语)
2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分)
五、宾语从句
宾语从句:名词从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。由从属连词、连接代词、连接副词引导。
1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句
由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如:
He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。
We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。
注意:在demand、order(命令)、suggest、decide、insist(坚持), desire, urge,advice,propose,require,request, command(命令), doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如:
I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。
The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。
2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如:
I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。
She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。
She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。
3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if:
a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如:
Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。
Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。
I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。
Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留?
4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用
不同时态。例如:
I know (that) he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时)
I know (that) he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时)
I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时)
I know (that) he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时)
当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如:
The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America.
5. think, believe, imagine, suppose,guess,expect,fancy,consider等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如:
We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。
I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。
6、后面不能接that从句的动词有:condemn谴责,判刑 force强迫 take拿走 forgive原谅 dislike不喜欢 refuse拒绝 let like love help admire羡慕 allow celebrate cause
注:以上动词后不能接that从句,但可以用不定式,动名词做宾语。
六、whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,只可用whether:
1. whether引导主语从句并在句首时,只能用whether,当it做形式主语,主语放句首时,whether,if均可
eg:whether he can come to the party on time depends on the traffic
2. 引导表语从句
eg:The question is whether we can get in touch with her
3. whether从句作介词宾语
e.g:It depends on whether he will come.
4.if与whether都可以与or not 连用,但后面紧跟or not 时只能用whether
We didn't know whether or not she was ready.(此时只能用whether)
I wonder whether/if the news is true or not.(此时则二者都可以用)
5. 引导同位语从句
Whether he will come is not clear.
6.后接不定式时
Eg I don’t know whether to go.
7.在discuss后只能用whether
注意:(1)大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。It is not important who will go.
It is still unknown which team will win the match.
(2)whether从句中不能有否定式,而if可以
I don’t care if he doesn’t come.
七、名词性that-从句
(1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如:
主语:That she is still alive is her luck. 她还活着全靠运气。
宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。
表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。
同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.
近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。
形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.
你对工作满意我感到很高兴。
2)That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如:
It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。
It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。
用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系:
a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句
It is necessary that… 有必要……
It is important that… 重要的是……
It is obvious that… 很明显……
b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句
It is believed that… 人们相信……
It is known to all that… 众所周知……
It has been decided that… 已决定……
c. It + be +名词+ that-从句
It is common knowledge that… ……是常识
It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是……
It is a fact that… 事实是……
d. It +不及物动词+ that-从句
It appears that… 似乎……
It happens that… 碰巧……
It occurred to me that… 我突然想起……
八、名词性wh-从句
1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如:
主语: How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。
直接宾语:In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。
间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize.
俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。
表语: My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。
宾语补足语:She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。
同位语: I have no idea when he will return.
我不知道他什么时候回来。
形容词宾语:I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。
介词宾语: That depends on where we shall go.
那取决于我们去哪儿。
2)Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末,例如:
It is not yet decided who will do that job.
还没决定谁做这项工作。
It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。
九、if, whether引导的名词从句
1)yes-no型疑问从句
从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能相同, 例如:
主语:Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有待证实。
宾语:Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。
表语:The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。
同位语:They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。
形容词宾语: She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。
介词宾语: I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。
2)选择性疑问从句
选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成,例如:
Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。
I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。
if和whether的区别:
1、 在动词不定式之前只能用whether 。如:
例8 I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。
2、 在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。如:
例9 I want to know whether it’s good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。
3 、在介词后,只能用whether。如:
例10 His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。
4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时,只能用whether 。如:
Whether this is true or not, I really don’t know. 这是否真的,我真的不知道。
(例11 Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。--此例为主语从句,有误,感谢指出)
5、用if会引起歧义时,只用whether。如:
例12 Could you tell me if you know the answer ?
这句话有两种意思:“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗?”或“如果你知道答案,请告诉我,好吗?”。如用whether可避免歧义.
十、否定转移
1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。
I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。
I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。
注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。
I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。
2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。
It doesn't seem that they know where to go.
看来他们不知道往哪去。
It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow.
看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。
3) 有时将动名词,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。
I don't remember having ever seen such a man.
我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…)
It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street.
在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。
(anyone 作主语,从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)
4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。
The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. (否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。
He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何,就轻信此事。
She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. (否定状语many weeks) 她结婚还不到几个星期,这个人的弟弟就看见她了,并对她的美貌着了迷。