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中考英语常考动词的分类和用法点拔

[2024年1月26日] 编辑:Geilien.cn            

近几年中考题可以看出动词为单项选择题的必考点,尤其是对动词短语的考查,偏向take、turn、put、down等。考查形式主要集中在三个方面:①同一动词+不同介词;②不同动词+同一介词;③不同动词+不同介词。对动词的考查侧重感官系动词词义的辨析,也偶尔涉及实义动词的辨析。设题形式均为简单句。

一、系动词

系动词不能单独作谓语,必须跟表语一起构成谓语(即经常说的系表结构)。常用的系动词分类如下:

(1)be动词:am, is, are, was, were

(2)感官类:look, sound, smell, taste, feel

(3)变化类:become, get, grow, go, turn

(4)状态类:keep, stay

二、助动词

助动词本身没有词义,不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词一起构成谓语,表示时态、语态、语气等特征,共同构成否定、疑问、强调、省略等句子。主要的助动词有be, have,has, had, do, does, did, will, would和shall等。

三、实义动词

实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。按其语法作用分为及物动词和不及物动词;按其持续性可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。

1.及物动词

及物动词本身意义不完整,需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。

(1)动词+宾语,如:

Can you open the window?

(2)动词+宾语+宾补,如:

We call him Bill.I saw Tom play in the park yesterday.

注意:用省略to的不定式或现在分词作宾补的动词有make, let, see, watch, hear,notice等。

(3)动词+间接宾语+直接宾语,如:

May I ask you a question?

Please pass me the book.

常见的带双宾语的动词有:give, bring, buy, get, lend, offer, pass, teach, tell, write,return等。

2.不及物动词

(1)不及物动词本身意义完整,其后不必跟宾语,如:come, go, run, listen, swim, work等。例如:

He works hard.

(2)有些动词既可作及物动词又可作不及物动词。如:

We study English.(及物)

We study hard.(不及物)

(3)如果需要带宾语,则不及物动词需要跟适当的介词连用,多构成动词短语。如:

Look at the picture.

3.延续性动词和非延续性动词

(1)延续性动词表示动作是可持续的,可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。如:live, stay, study, work, keep, teach等。

You can keep the book for two weeks.

你可以借用这本书两周。

(2)非延续性动词表示瞬间动作,动作一经发生便立即结束。如:buy, lend, borrow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive, join, go, come等。

非延续性动词不能和表示一段时间的状语连用,如果和表示一段时间的状语连用,就要用其他词代替。如:

He arrived here five days ago.

他五天前到这儿的。

He has been here for five days.

他已经到这儿五天了。(这里不能用has arrived here)

四、动词短语辨析

单项选择对动词短语的考查主要集中在以下三个方面:

1.同一动词+不同介词

(1)take短语take up 占据,开始从事;take down 记下,拿下;take off 起飞,脱下(衣服);take away 拿走

(2)put短语put up 悬挂,张贴;put away 收起来,放好;put off 推迟;put on 穿上,上演;put down 放下,记下

(3)turn短语turn on 打开;turn off 关掉;turn up 调大;turn down 关小

(4)look短语look at 看;look up 查找;look after 照顾;look for 寻找;look out 当心

2.不同动词+同一介词

(1)down短语turn down 关小,调低;put down 记下;fall down 落下,摔倒write down 写下,记下;cut down 砍倒;up and down 上下,来回

(2)up短语bring up 抚育,培养;call up 召唤,打电话给;come up 走进,上来;cut up 切碎fix up 修理;grow up 长大;look up 尊敬,向上看,查询;make up 编造,组成put up 举起,搭建;turn up 调大;pick up 捡起,(开车)接某人,偶然得到;set up 建立;send up 发射show up 揭露,露面;take up 占据,开始从事

(3)on短语try on 试穿,试验;put on 穿上,上演;have on 穿着,戴着hold on 不挂断;carry on 继续开展,坚持;keep on 继续go on 继续;get on 上(车、船);come on 赶快

3.must表示主观看法,意为“必须”,表示有把握的推测,用于肯定句中

4.need表示需要,主要用于否定句和疑问句中意为“应该”,表示要求和命令

5.should表示劝告、建议

6.shall表示征求意见或请求,常用在Shall we…?句型中,意为“……好吗?”

7.had better意为“最好”,表示建议

8、will/would表示意志、意愿、打算

易混点梳理

(一)can和be able to两者表“能力”时用法相同,但can用于现在时和过去时(could),而be able to可用于各种时态。如:He can speak three languages.=He is able to speak three languages.

(二)may be和maybe

(1)may be: may为情态动词,后加动词原形be,位于句中。

(2)maybe: maybe为副词,意为“大概,也许”,相当于perhaps,位于句首。如:

Maybe he is right.

He may be right.

(三)can’t和mustn’t

1.can’t根据其基本用法可译为:

(1)不会,如:

I can’t speak English .

我不会说英语。

(2)不能,如:

We can’t do it now because it’s too dark.

天太黑了,我们现在干不了。

(3)否定句中表示推测,“不可能”,如:

The man can’t be our teacher because he is much younger than our teacher.

那个人不可能是我们老师,他年轻得多。

2.mustn’t意为“禁止、不许”,用来表达命令,表示强烈的语气。如:

You mustn’t play football in the street.It’s too dangerous.

你不准在街上踢足球,太危险了。

(四)must和have to

1.must侧重于个人意志和主观上的必要,如:

I know I must study hard.

我知道我必须努力学习。

2.have to侧重于客观上的必要,可用于现在时、过去时和将来时,如:

My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the mid-night.

我弟弟病得厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。

注意:have to在否定句和疑问句中需借助于助动词

(五)含有情态动词的疑问句及答语

1.may构成的一般疑问句,可以有下列回答方式:

(1)Yes, of course.

(2)Yes, certainly.

(3)Sure.

(4)No, you mustn’t.

(5)No, you can’t.

2.must构成的一般疑问句,回答方式为:

(1)Yes, you must.

(2)No, you needn’t/don’t have to.

3.need构成的一般疑问句,回答方式如下:

--Need I finish my homework at once?

--Yes, you must.

--No, you needn’t.

六、非谓语动词

单项选择对非谓语动词的考查主要为不定式,如:不定式作主语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语。同时,也涉及到了不定式固定句型和用法的考查,如固定搭配would like to do sth.; 疑问词+不定式when to start,设题形式以单句为主。

1.动词不定式的句法功能

(1)作主语

动词不定式作主语时,常用it作形式主语,而将真正的主语(动词不定式)放在句末,其结构为:It +be+adj.(+for/of sb.)+to do sth.

To learn English well is useful.

→It is useful to learn English well.

注意:在kind, good, nice, clever等表示人的品质的形容词后,不用for而用of.

(2)作宾语(包括疑问词+不定式)

They decided to visit the Great Wall.Could you tell me how to get to the train station?

(3)作表语

Her job is to do the dishes.

(4)作宾语补足语

Lucy asked him to turn down the radio.

(5)作定语

I have a lot of books to read.

(6)作状语

To catch the train, we had to get up early.

2.常见的后面接动词不定式作宾语的动词有:

would like/want to do sth.想要做某事

like to do sth.喜欢做某事

agree to do sth.同意做某事

hope/wish to do sth.希望做某事

decide to do sth.决定做某事

try to do sth.尝试做某事

begin/start to do sth.开始做某事

expect to do sth.期望做某事

refuse to do sth.拒绝做某事

afford to do sth.负担得起

learn to do sth.学习做某事

plan to do sth.计划做某事

prefer to do sth.更喜欢做某事

continue to do sth.继续做某事

promise to do sth.许诺做某事

注意:不定式作宾语时,find, think, make, believe等动词后常用it作形式宾语,而不定式短语放在后面作真正宾语。如:

I find it easy to study English.

我发现学英语很容易。

3.常见的后面接动词不定式作宾补的动词有:

tell sb.to do sth.告诉某人做某事

ask sb.to do sth.让某人做某事

wish sb.to do sth.希望某人做某事

invite sb.to do sth.邀请某人做某事

want sb.to do sth.想要某人做某事

teach sb.to do sth.教某人做某事

allow sb.to do sth.允许某人做某事

expect sb.to do sth.期望某人做某事

help sb.to do sth.帮助某人做某事

注意:(1)在make, let, have, hear, see, feel, watch等动词之后,必须接不带to的不定式作宾补。但当这些动词用于被动语态时,作主语补足语的动词不定式to要还原。如:

I heard him sing in the classroom.

=He was heard to sing in the classroom.

(2)help之后,既可以接带to的不定式,也可以接不带to的不定式作宾补。如:

Can you help me (to) clean the room?

七、动名词与动词不定式

1.只能接动名词的动词

enjoy doing sth.

finish doing sth.

mind doing sth.

suggest doing sth.

keep doing sth.

practice doing sth.

2.常见的后面接动名词作宾语的短语有:

be interested in对……感兴趣

be busy忙于

give up放弃

end up以……结束

put off推迟

feel like想要

can’t help禁不住

have fun ……有乐趣

have a good time ……开心

have a hard time ……有困难

have trouble/problems ……有困难

look forward to 期待……

be/get used to 习惯于

prefer…to…喜欢……胜于

pay attention to 注意

keep/stop…from…阻止……做

3.动词后接不定式和动名词的区别

①stop to do sth.停下来去做另外一件事

stop doing sth.停止正在做的事

He is trying to stop smoking.

他在设法戒烟。

He stopped to speak to Martin.

他停下来和马丁讲话。

②forget to do sth.忘记要去做某事(未做)

forget doing sth.忘记做过某事(已做)

The light in the office is still on.He forgot to turn it off.

办公室的灯还在亮着,他忘记关了。

He forgot turning the light off.

他忘记他已经关了灯了。

③remember to do sth.记着去做某事(未做)

remember doing sth.记得做过某事(已做)

Remember to close the door,please.

记着关门。

I remember closing the door.

我记得关了门了。

④try to do sth.设法或努力去做某事

try doing sth.尝试做某事

He tries to get the apple above the shelf.But fails to reach it.After a while ,Brown comes in and try showing his ability.他努力去够架子上的苹果,但是没能够到。过了一会儿,布朗近来尝试表现他的能力。

⑤need to do sth.需要去做某事(主动含义)

need doing sth.需要做某事(被动含义)

We need to tell him the truth.

我们需要告诉他真相。

My car needs repairing.

我的汽车需要修理。

The flowers need watering.

这些花需要浇水。

⑥mean to do sth.计划做某事

mean doing sth.意味着做某事

I meant to go, but my father would not allow me to.

我想去,但是我父亲不肯让我去。

Doing that means wasting time.

那样做意味着浪费时间。

⑦can’t help to do sth.不能帮助做某事

can’t help doing sth.情不自禁做某事

I can't help to do such stupid thing.

我不能帮着做这样愚蠢的事。

The movie is so funny.I can't help laughing!

这部电影如此搞笑。我情不自禁地笑了。

⑧go on to do sth.继续做另一件事

go on doing sth.继续做同一件事

He went on doing his homework in his room after supper.

晚饭后他继续在自己的房间里做家庭作业。

After finishing his homework,he went on to read the text.

完成作业后,他继续去阅读。

⑨regret to do sth.遗憾要做某事(未做)

regret doing sth.后悔/抱歉做过某事(已做)

I regret to tell you that you can't pass the examination.

我很遗憾地通知你你不能通过这次考试。

I regret disturbing you so long.我很抱歉打扰了你那么久。

后接to do和doing的动词:两者意义区别不大

①begin to do sth.开始做某事

begin doing sth.

He began to do / doing this job last job.

他去年开始做这工作。

②start to do sth.开始做某事

start doing sth.

He started to cry / crying.

他开始哭了。

备注:begin/start 在下列三种情况下后跟不定式,不跟动名词:

①主语是无生命的;

Snow began to melt.

③用于进行时态时;

He is beginning to study English.

④其后面的动词表心理状态的,如know、believe等;

I began to believe his story.

③continue to do sth.继续做某事

continue doing sth.

Prices will continue to rise / rising.

物价将继续上涨。

⑤like to do sth.喜欢将要去做某事(偶尔一次;有待做的)

like doing sth.喜欢去做某事(一贯的行为;正在进行的)

I like reading , but I don’t like to read now.

我喜欢阅读,但是现在不想读书。