NEW YORK — President Joe Biden's administration announced Wednesday revised pollution standards for cars and trucks meant to accelerate the U.S. auto industry's shift to electric to mitigate climate change.
美国总统乔·拜登（Joe Biden）行政当局周三（3月20日）宣布修订了汽车和卡车的污染标准，旨在加速美国汽车行业向电动汽车的转变，以缓解气候变化。
The rules set ambitious emission reductions for 2032 but are moderated somewhat compared with preliminary standards unveiled last April. Following carmaker criticism, the final rules give manufacturers greater flexibility and ease the benchmarks in the first three years.
这些规则为2032年设定了雄心勃勃的减排目标，但与去年4月公布的初步标准相比有所缓和。在受到汽车制造商的批评之后，最终规则为制造商提供了更大的灵活性，并放宽了前三年的基准。
Those shifts were criticized as a sop to corporations from at least one environmental group, even as the final rule won praise from other leading NGOs focused on climate change.
这些转变被至少一个环保组织批评为对公司的安慰剂，不过最终规则赢得了其他专注于气候变化的主要非政府组织的赞扬。
The final rules — which were described by administration official as "the strongest ever" and would likely be undone if Republican Donald Trump defeats Biden in November — still require a nearly 50% drop in fleet-wide emissions in 2032 compared with 2026 through increased sales of electric vehicles (EVs) and low-emission autos.
最终规则被政府官员称为“有史以来最强大的”，如果共和党人唐纳德·特朗普（Donald Trump）在11月击败拜登，则可能会被撤销。这些规则仍要求通过增加电动汽车（EV）和低排放汽车的销售，到2032年时与2026年相比，所有车辆的排放量将下降近50%。
The rules, which dovetail with other key Biden programs to build more EV charging stations and manufacturing facilities and incentivize EV sales, establish the environment as a significant point of difference in the 2024 presidential election.
这些规则与拜登的其他关键计划相吻合，旨在建设更多的电动汽车充电站和制造设施，并激励电动汽车销售，将环境问题确立为 2024 年总统大选的重要差异点。
Trump has mocked climate change as a problem and cast the transition to EVs as a job-killer that will benefit China at the expense of American workers.
特朗普曾嘲笑气候变化，并将向电动汽车的过渡视为就业杀手，将会使中国受益，而牺牲美国工人的利益。
Biden argues that U.S. auto builders need to take the lead in the expanding EV market.
拜登认为，美国汽车制造商需要在不断扩大的电动汽车市场中发挥带头作用。
"I brought together American automakers. I brought together American autoworkers," said Biden in a statement. "Together, we've made historic progress."
“我把美国汽车制造商聚集在一起。我把美国汽车工人聚集在一起，”拜登在一份声明中说。“我们一起取得了历史性的进步。”
Alluding to his target set three years ago that 50% of new vehicles in 2030 would be EVs, Biden predicted "we'll meet my goal for 2030 and race forward in the years ahead."
拜登提到他三年前设定的目标，即到2030年50%的新车将是电动汽车，他预测说，“我们将实现2030年的目标，并在未来几年继续前进。”
EVs accounted for 7.6% in 2023 sales, up from 5.9% in 2022, according to Cox Automotive.
根据Cox Automotive的数据，电动汽车占 2023 年汽车销量的 7.6%，高于2022年的5.9%。
The original proposal had envisioned the EV share surging to as much as 67% of new vehicle sales by 2032.
最初的提案设想，到2032年电动汽车的份额将飙升至新车销量的67%。
Carmakers, which are midway through sweeping, multi-billion-dollar investments to build more EV capacity, criticized the initial standards as overly-stringent. They cited the limited state of charging capacity in the United States that has dampened consumer demand, as well as difficulties in supply of metals and other raw materials for EV batteries.
汽车制造商正在进行数十亿美元的全面投资以建立更多的电动汽车产能，它们批评最初的标准过于严格。汽车制造商们指出，美国的充电能力有限，以及电动汽车电池的金属和其他原材料供应困难，抑制了消费者的需求。
Following input from the auto industry, organized labor and auto dealerships, Biden administration officials decided to allow manufacturers a "variety of pathways" to reaching the standard, a senior Biden administration official said Tuesday.
拜登政府一位高级官员周二表示，在吸收了汽车行业、有组织的劳工和汽车经销商的意见后，拜登政府官员决定允许制造商通过“多种途径”达到标准。
This path could include a mix of EVs, conventional but more fuel-efficient engines, and plug-in hybrid vehicles, which have seen a rise in demand of late.
这条道路可能包括电动汽车、常规但更省油的发动机和插电式混合动力汽车，这些汽车最近的需求有所增加。
Biden administration officials opted to soften year-to-year emissions improvements in the 2027-2030 period, while maintaining the same target in 2032.
拜登政府官员选择在2027-2030年期间放慢逐年减排，同时在2032年保持相同的目标。
Moderating the targets in these first three years "was the right call," said John Bozzella, president of the Alliance for Automotive Innovation, a Washington lobby representing carmakers.
在头三年中缓和目标“是正确的选择，”代表汽车制造商的华盛顿游说团体汽车创新联盟（Alliance for Automotive Innovation）主席约翰·博泽拉（John Bozzella）说。
"These adjusted EV targets — still a stretch goal — should give the market and supply chains a chance to catch up," said Bozzella, adding that the extra time will allow more EV charging stations to come on-line.
“这些调整后的电动汽车目标--仍然是一个具有长期性的目标--应该给市场和供应链一个迎头赶上的机会，” 博泽拉说。他并补充说，额外的时间将允许更多的电动汽车充电站上线。
The final standards set a fleet-wide target of 85 grams of carbon dioxide in 2032, down from 170 in 2027, according to an administration fact sheet.
根据政府的一份情况说明书，最终标准设定了2032年所有车辆二氧化碳排放量为85克的目标，低于2027年的170克。
Wednesday's initiative won praise from leading environmental groups including the Sierra Club and NRDC, which said the new rules "take us in the right direction," according to a statement from the Natural Resources Defense Council chief Manish Bapna.
根据自然资源保护协会（NRDC）负责人曼尼什·巴普纳（Manish Bapna）的一份声明，周三的倡议赢得了包括塞拉俱乐部（Sierra Club）和自然资源保护协会在内的主要环保组织的赞扬。自然资源保护协会表示，新规则“将我们带到正确的方向”。
But Dan Becker, director of the climate transport campaign at the Center for Biological Diversity, slammed the adjusted rules as "significantly weaker."
但生物多样性中心（Center for Biological Diversity）气候运输运动主任丹·贝克尔（Dan Becker）抨击调整后的规则，称其“明显较弱”。
"The EPA caved to pressure from Big Auto, Big Oil and car dealers and riddled the plan with loopholes big enough to drive a Ford F150 through," Becker said.
贝克尔说：“美国环保局屈服于大型汽车公司，大型石油公司和汽车经销商的压力，在该计划中充斥着足以推动福特F150通过的漏洞。”
"The weaker rule means cars and pickups spew more pollution, oil companies keep socking consumers at the pump, and automakers keep wielding well-practiced delay tactics."
“较弱的规则意味着汽车和皮卡会排放更多的污染，石油公司继续在加油站对消费者进行打击，汽车制造商继续使用行之有效的拖延策略。
（本文依据了法新社的报道。）
